Normal Anatomy and Pathomorphology of Adrenal Glands in Newborns with Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Keywords:
Newborns, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adrenal Glands, Hypoxia, PathomorphologyAbstract
Background: Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) remains a primary driver of morbidity and mortality in neonates, particularly preterm infants. Under conditions of severe systemic hypoxia and hemodynamic instability, the adrenal glands undergo profound morphological adaptations and pathological transformations that reflect the overall stress response of the newborn.
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the normal anatomical features of neonatal adrenal glands and characterize the key pathomorphological changes that occur during RDS.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review and retrospective pathomorphological analysis of neonatal autopsy specimens were performed. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess vascular changes, zonal architecture, and cell viability.
Results: Key pathological findings in neonates with RDS include profound microvascular congestion, extensive lipid depletion within the cortical zones, focal/confluent necrosis, micro-hemorrhages, and structural disorganization of the fetal cortex.
Conclusion: These structural alterations indicate severe functional overload of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis under hypoxic stress. Understanding these pathomorphological markers is crucial for assessing neonatal stress adaptation limits in critical care settings
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